With time, however, Marius realized that it would not be so easy to win the war as he had thought at first. In order to increase the size of the army for the war in Africa, Marius carried out military reform, which allowed him to recruit a huge number of new recruits and to completely modernize and improve the Roman “war machine” ( this reform is detailed in a separate section ). During the Metellus campaign, he used Marius’s military experience, which gradually strengthened his political position. Metellus obtained the Senate’s approval to recognize Marius as his legate and could go to war. The legates ( legati) were usually envoys of the senate, but a man appointed as legate by the Senate was used as the chief deputy general. In 109 BCE his former protector Quintus Caecilius Metellus, who was his opponent under Marius’ tribunal, appointed Gaius as his legate in the campaign in Africa against Jugurtha king of Numidia. In order to raise his political rank, he married Julia (Julius Caesar’s aunt), thanks to which he became connected with the patrician family. He did not apply for a consulate due to his lack of success. During his reign, he undertook several small military operations of little importance (including the fight against rebel tribes). In 114 BCE Marius’ empire was postponed and sent to the Iberian Peninsula to govern Lusitania (present-day Portugal) as a propretor. He managed to win an acquittal and calmly completed his office. In 116 BCE he won the election as praetor for a year and was quickly charged with ambitus (electoral corruption). During this period, the town and the principality of Orange belonged to the administration and province of Dauphiné.After leaving office, he took part in the elections for curule and plebeian edicts, which he, however, lost. From the 12th century, Orange was raised to a minor principality, the Principality of Orange, as a fief of the Holy Roman Empire. The sovereign Carolingian counts of Orange had their origin in the eighth century, and passed into the family of the lords of Baux. The Second Council of Orange was of importance in condemning what later came to be called Semipelagianism. It hosted two important synods, in 441 and 529. No longer a residential bishopric, Arausio, as it is called in Latin, is today listed by the Roman Catholic Church as a titular see. It had, by then, become largely Christianized, and from the end of the third century constituted the Ancient Diocese of Orange. The town prospered, but was sacked by the Visigoths in 412.
"Orange of two thousand years ago was a miniature Rome, complete with many of the public buildings that would have been familiar to a citizen of the Roman Empire, except that the scale of the buildings had been reduced – a smaller theater to accommodate a smaller population, for example." It is found in both the Tabula Peutingeriana and Le cadastre d'Orange maps. It was the capital of a wide area of northern Provence, which was parcelled up into lots for the Roman colonists. Roman Orange was founded in 35 BC by veterans of the second legion as Arausio (after the local Celtic water god), or Colonia Julia Firma Secundanorum Arausio in full, "the Julian colony of Arausio established by the soldiers of the second legion." The name was originally unrelated to that of the orange fruit, but was later conflated with it (see Orange (word)).Ī previous Celtic settlement with that name existed in the same place, and a major battle, which is generally known as the Battle of Arausio, had been fought in 105 BC between two Roman armies and the Cimbri and Teutones tribes.Īrausio covered an area of some 70 ha (170 acres) and was well-endowed with civic monuments in addition to the theatre and arch, it had a monumental temple complex and a forum. Orange (Provençal Occitan: Aurenja in classical norm or Aurenjo in Mistralian norm) is a commune in the Vaucluse Department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France, about 21 km (13 mi) north of Avignon. Recorded names : Colonia Julia Secundanorum Arausio, Arausion, Arasione, Arausione, Aurasice, Aurengie, Aurenga, Orenga, Orenge, Aurenge, Arausio, Aurenja, Aurenjo
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